- Optimizing The Use Of Titanium Dioxide In Durable Coatings
:Karen Johnson, Gary Yorke-Robinson & Enrico Geninazza, Lecture given at Eurocoat Conference, September 2001
Abstract
The titanium dioxide pigment that is used to impart opacity and whiteness to a surface coating can significantly affect the durability of a coating. Titanium dioxide affects the durability through photochemical and photocatalytic activity and the surface treatment on the TiO2 affects the durability performance of a system. However the choice of TiO2 can also impact on the level of performance of other properties such as the optical properties. Therefore the choice and the correct formulating practice for TiO2 needs to be optimized to obtain the best cost/performance compromise for the coating system in which it is used. This paper explains the role of TiO2 pigments in affecting durability and suggests how TiO2 use can be optimized to give the best compromise of properties in durable coatings.
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- Development Of Titanium Dioxide Pigments – "A Great Balancing Act Or One
Size Fits All": Steve Forrest, Lecture given at Surface Coatings Association of Australia (SCAA) & Australian Paint Manufacturers' Federation (APMF) Joint Conference, August 2001
Abstract
There has been significant evolution in the sophistication of titanium dioxide pigments since their commercial introduction over eighty-five years ago. From the humble beginnings of uncoated, impure anatase, titanium dioxide pigments have evolved into the advanced, specialist pigments of today. This is related, in part, to the introduction of rutile pigments and the conception of chloride technology, allowing the development of design techniques to deliver a range of specific properties.
Continual developments have ensured that titanium dioxide pigments form an essential part of achieving 'better coatings' for the future. Notable advances in purification, particle size control and surface treatments have all contributed to meet the demands of titanium dioxide users.
This presentation will highlight some of the early developments of pigment technology before focusing on current areas of development and performance expectations. Possible areas of future development and limitations will be discussed. Particular attention will be paid to the development of 'durable' pigments and the great balancing act essential to offering optical efficiency whilst maintaining maximum durability potential.
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A Study Of Costs Versus Performance In Matt Emulsion Paints: Mike Binns, Gary Yorke-Robinson, Lecture given at Advances in Coatings Technology, November 2000
Abstract
Optimizing the performance of matt emulsion paints requires careful consideration of the role of each raw material. For titanium dioxide, the choice of pigment type can influence optical and physical performance as well as cost. Through the importance of film porosity, this work demonstrates how it is possible to reformulate away from traditional highly treated pigments on to good multipurpose products to give improved performance and cost savings. The work also shows why any direct substitution of pigments may give poor and misleading results.
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Rationalisation of SPIN-SPEX Colour Measurement:Gary Yorke-Robinson, M. Binns, Lecture given at The Colour Delivery Challenge 2000, PRA, Leeds, April 2000
Abstract
When using an integrating sphere spectrophotometer for the measurement of colour, a decision on whether to include the specular component or not must always be made. This paper quantifies the effects of gloss and lightness on colour difference and tinting strength results taken both SPIN and SPEX and should raise awareness of the importance of choosing the appropriate setting.
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Monitoring The Effect Of Titanium Dioxide Pigment On The Curing Of Powder Coatings By The Use Of Rheological Measurements: Karen Johnson, John Stansfield, Hans Geilenberg, Lecture given at European Paint Show, Nuremberg, April 1999
Abstract
The cross-linking reaction during the cure of a powder coating, can be followed by measuring the systems visco-elastic properties. As the reaction progresses the balance between the viscous and elastic behavior changes until required cure is achieved. Information on the systems flow potential can be obtained by monitoring the visco-elastic properties and complex viscosity during cure. Measurement of these properties can also give information on the mechanical properties of the final film.
This paper shows how the use of a controlled stress rheometer, with a high temperature option, can be used to monitor the effect of titanium dioxide pigment on the curing characteristics of powder coating systems. Results show that these characteristics can be modified to different degrees depending on the choice of titanium dioxide, and that these cure modifications affect the film's final properties.
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Dispersion Optimisation Of Titanium Dioxide In Industrial Paints: Jennifer J Elliott, Paul H Lever, Lecture given at Surface Coatings Australia Conference, Canberra, August 2003
Abstract
The Daniel Flow Point (DFP) method was developed in the 1950s as a simple technique to determine the optimum mill base composition for a given paint system. Although this method appears to be rarely used nowadays by the paint industry, some TiO2 manufacturers still find it a simple and useful tool in determining the most efficient combination of pigment-solvent-binder to maximise pigment performance. Optimised dispersion maximises pigment efficiency as measured by colour, opacity and tint strength.
In this study a number of grades of Titanium Dioxide were evaluated in a series of Industrial Coatings resins, solvents and additives using the DFP technique in order to show the effect each component had on mill base composition and to determine the optimum mill base loading for each resin system.
The purpose of which was to show that by utilising this technique, Industrial coatings manufacturer's currently using high speed dispersion can improve product quality and factory throughput whilst, in most instances, reducing the amount of TiO2 required to achieve existing opacity and tint strength requirements.
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- A Novel Technique for the Measurement of Opacity in Powder Coatings
: Alan Walker , Jean-François Pasquier, Lecture given at Eurocoat, Lyon, September 1997
Abstract
The measurement of opacity is vital in the assessment of any coating system, especially those where this is a critical performance requirement - for example, in thin film powder coatings. Up to the present time, the assessment of the opacity of powder coatings has been a rather unreliable process, depending on either the subjective judgement of an observer, or else on the somewhat inaccurate "Delta E" method.
This paper describes a novel technique for applying powder coatings films onto a transparent Polyester substrate. These films can then be measured and, by applying established Kubelka-Munk equations, opacity parameters can be derived.
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Opacity: Is your Formulation Cost Optimised? P.A.D Chilcott, Published in "PPCJ", July 1995
Abstract
Imparting opacity to a paint film is an important part of the function of titanium dioxide (TiO2) pigment in a formulation. This article explores the relationships between titanium dioxide pigment performance, the raw material cost of the paint and the opacity obtained from a given formulation. The article shows the importance of considering the cost-per-unit-hiding-power when considering the overall value-for-money of a formulation, and gives examples of the effects that changing raw material prices can have on optimum formulations.
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